Shift to 2 kV voltage in solar projects tipped to gain traction
From pv magazine print edition 12/24
The rationale for moving from 1.5 kV voltage to 2 kV in solar projects is grounded in electrical principles, particularly the relationship between electric power (P), current (I), and voltage (V) – expressed as P=IV. By increasing voltage while keeping current constant, power output can be increased without additional losses. This transition is expected to yield a 0.5% to 0.8% increase in energy yield for PV sites.
Higher voltages accommodate longer module strings. A 1.5 kV system can accommodate 33 modules rated at 45 V of direct current, while a 2 kV system can fit 44 modules – representing a 33% increase in power capacity. Longer string length means fewer strings. This helps decrease electrical balance of system expenditure, including costs for combiner boxes, connectors, and cabling, by 10% to 15%. The number of inverters needed should also decrease, as higher voltages accommodate more power-dense electronics.
While 2 kV inverters cost more because of a smaller scale of manufacturing of some components and increased testing requirements – the long-term outlook is still positive. Switching to 2 kV will make inverters more power dense, saving on casings, fuses, and other components. Fewer solar project components should reduce labor costs and mean lower operation and maintenance (O&M) expenses. That could mean 1% to 2% lower capital costs, eventually, plus higher energy yield.
Key challengesSeveral challenges must be addressed before widespread adoption can occur. The primary bottleneck is the availability of 2 kV inverters as numerous technical challenges must be solved. Currently, components capable of handling 2 kV are limited and inverter manufacturers have to contend with issues related to combiner boxes, external insulation, fuses, and switches. A substantial amount of hardware and software testing must be completed to ensure the reliability and safe operability of 2 kV inverters on the grid. There are also greater challenges related to adopting 2 kV for utility-scale string inverters than there are for central inverters, due to the former’s raised power density. This may slightly delay the adoption of 2 kV string inverters, compared to central devices.
Limited availability of standards is another significant barrier hindering the development and adoption of 2 kV products. Recently, JinkoSolar Holding Co. Ltd. became the first solar module company to receive certification from UL Solutions Inc. for its 2 kV modules. However, it will take time for fully formed certification processes to emerge and even longer for manufacturers to align their products with these standards. Convincing developers to invest in 2 kV projects poses another challenge, as these new sites will be inherently riskier than standard 1.5 kV projects, with higher costs and a smaller selection of suppliers.
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